NOW, more than ever, get vaccinated.
One of the increasingly disturbing things about misinformation on Covid-19 vaccines, particularly in the Malaysian context, is the way it is disguised with a veneer of legitimacy through medical credentials and official-sounding sources.
Those questioning the safety of Covid-19 vaccines claim they are not anti-vaxxers. However, the tone of their messages – containing the implicit call to avoid these vaccines, even those approved by regulators – is disturbingly similar to vaccine-hesitant people across the board who oppose shots like the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine for their children.
Persistent misinformation about the MMR vaccine causing autism (it does not) originated from a scientific study published by Dr Andrew Wakefield in 1998 in renowned medical journal the Lancet. It has since been retracted because the claim was deemed fraudulent. Accuracy of information about Covid-19 vaccines depends on the science and proven data.
Let us be clear. Any approved Covid-19 vaccine is given the green light because regulators determine, based on a review of clinical-trial evidence and data, that it is safe and effective, and carries significantly more benefits than risks. Arguably, it is far more harmful to one’s health to contract Covid-19 than to take an approved vaccine for the disease.
Although the majority of Covid-19 patients in Malaysia experience no or mild symptoms, the Health Ministry notes that the percentage of people in the moderate to severe Stages 3 to 5 has increased from 7% to 11%. For this group of patients, the risk of ventilation and death is very real.
According to the Institute for Clinical Research, 87% of reported Covid-19 deaths in Malaysia had at least one underlying health condition, based on 335 Covid-19 deaths analysed as of November 22 last year. Nearly two-thirds of the victims were aged 60 years and above. The mortality rate for people aged 70 years and above is about 9% to 10%, which is substantial.
About 61% of the Covid-19 fatalities in Malaysia had high blood pressure, followed by diabetes (41%), heart disease (24%) and high cholesterol (19%). There is a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases in the adult population: diabetes (18%), hypertension (30%) and high cholesterol (38%), according to the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019.This means that a large number of young and middle-aged people in Malaysia are at risk of developing severe Covid-19 symptoms, and potentially dying from the disease.
Immunisation is even more important for these vulnerable groups.
Covid-19 is not a simple flu or respiratory illness. While most people who are infected recover quickly, some patients can have symptoms lasting weeks, or even months, after recovery from acute illness, according to the United States’ Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Even people with mild Covid-19 can experience persistent or late symptoms. The most commonly reported long-term symptoms are fatigue, cough, joint and chest pain, among others. Other reported long-term symptoms include difficulty with thinking and concentration (known as “brain fog”), depression and muscle pain.
Yet more serious long-term complications have also been reported, though these appear to be less common. These include inflammation of the heart muscle, lung function abnormalities, acute kidney injury, dermatologic conditions like rash and hair loss, and neurological conditions like smell and taste problems, and sleep issues. Even severe psychotic symptoms have been reported in a small number of Covid-19 patients in the US, United Kingdom and Spain who had not previously experienced mental health problems.
Prevention is better than cure.
Statements propagating fear-mongering and pseudoscience that attack Covid-19 vaccines’ mRNA (messenger RNA) technologies – which have now been approved by the US’ Food and Drug Administration, the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, the European Medicines Agency, and the regulatory bodies of at least seven other countries – risk turning Malaysians off all Covid-19 vaccines entirely, as some may not differentiate between one type of vaccine and another. Therapies based on mRNA and vectors have actually been used for nearly a decade to treat people with cancer, inherited immunodeficiencies, and metabolic, eye and neuro-muscular diseases.
While the speed of the development of Covid-19 vaccines is unprecedented, mRNA technology has been around since the early 2000s, while early proof-of-concept of using gene-based therapeutics to produce the proteins necessary to combat disease was published back in 1990.
Scientists started work as soon as the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world. Large-scale clinical trials were conducted through global collaborative efforts by governments, international institutions, the private sector, research institutions and non-profit groups. These Covid-19 vaccine studies have been run with the same scientific rigour as for any other vaccines.
The mRNA vaccines do not affect human DNA. The mRNA never enters the nucleus of the cell, where our DNA (genetic material) is kept. The vaccine simply contains instructions to the cell to make a harmless piece of the spike protein on the virus that causes Covid-19. The immune system then attacks this new protein; more importantly, our immune system will remember how it looks like. The vaccine’s mRNA instructions are broken down and later disposed of. When the coronavirus enters our body, our immune system recognises the spike protein and launches an attack like it did previously, destroying the virus before it can take hold, replicate and make us sick.
A safe vaccine does not mean it is completely free from side effects or adverse events. The H1N1 vaccine, for example, was linked with an extremely small risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome (a rare autoimmune disorder causing nerve damage), affecting 1.6 cases among every one million people vaccinated. Natural influenza causes 17 cases of the Guillain-Barré syndrome per million people.
However, vaccination produces overwhelmingly greater benefits to individuals and society than the risks due to adverse reactions. It is because of vaccines that infectious diseases, such as polio and measles, have been largely eliminated in many countries, or totally eradicated, as is the case with smallpox.
This pandemic has ground the global economy to a halt and cost the lives of more than 1.8 million people worldwide. In Malaysia, Covid-19 has killed nearly 500 people. Cases continue to increase and are expected to surge right through this year – a vaccine is one possible solution to end the acute phase of the Malaysian epidemic.
Repeated doubts about the government’s procurement of Covid-19 vaccines may contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Concerns about vaccine procurement and the immunisation programme should be addressed with full transparency and public accountability through executive oversight by Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee, and the Health, Science and Innovation Parliamentary Select Committee. Persistent suspicion shifts the national discourse away from the more important issues of planning and implementing the inoculation campaign.
The US and UK are struggling with various challenges in administering the Covid-19 vaccines they have already received. It is highly likely that Malaysia will also encounter similar obstacles rolling out its vaccination programme after we receive the doses ordered.
Critics are free to call for more data and transparency related to all aspects of Covid-19 vaccines. However, such criticism should not be clouded by anti-capitalist sentiment and political ideology.
The National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) uses a rigorous and thorough process in evaluating all vaccines and medicines for use in Malaysia. The critical aspects of a vaccine that we should be concerned with, which have been entrusted to NPRA, are its efficacy and safety.
There are still many unknowns where the vaccines are concerned. Will the efficacy seen in clinical trials be translated into real-world effectiveness? Many factors affect the effectiveness of a vaccine in the community setting, the largest being the sheer logistics of vaccinating an entire adult population. We hope these vaccines will be the beginning of the end to the Covid-19 nightmare, but more monitoring and data will be required to show this as they are rolled out in our nation, and others.
It is important to impress on all of us that receiving the vaccine does not give us the liberty to disregard the current standard operating procedures. Caution will still be required and SOPs will need to be maintained as control of Covid-19 is achieved not just locally, but also globally.
Malaysia’s national Covid-19 vaccination programme requires an “all-of-society” approach. We must work together to overcome serious immunisation hurdles when the vaccines finally arrive. Firefighting constant misinformation and doubt distracts from the work that lies ahead. – The Vibes, January 4, 2021
This statement is endorsed by the following individuals, in alphabetical order:
Tan Sri Dr Abu Bakar Suleiman (former health director-general)
Prof Datuk Dr Adeeba Kamarulzaman (infectious disease specialist; professor, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya)
Datuk Dr Amar-Singh HSS (senior consultant paediatrician)
Prof Dr April Camilla Roslani (dean, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya)
Mr Azrul Mohd Khalib (Chief executive, Galen Centre of Health and Social Policy)
Ms Boo Su-Lyn (editor-in-chief, CodeBlue)
Dr John Chew (former member of the Malaysian Medical Council)
Dr Steven Chow (president, Federation of Private Medical Practitioners’ Associations, Malaysia)
Ms Daphne Iking (content creator and child advocate)
Tan Sri Dr Ismail Merican (former health director-general)
Datuk Dr Christopher Lee (former deputy health director-general [research and technical support]; infectious disease specialist)
Dr Lim Teck Onn (former director of the Clinical Research Centre, Health Ministry)
Prof Datuk Dr Lokman Hakim Sulaiman (pro-vice chancellor (research), International Medical University; former deputy health director-general [public health])
Dr Milton Lum (former president of the Malaysian Medical Association)
Datin Marina Mahathir (social activist)
Datuk Dr Musa Mohd Nordin (consultant paediatrician)
Assoc Prof Dr Nirmala Bhoo Pathy (associate professor in clinical epidemiology, Universiti Malaya)
Prof Dr Rosmawati Mohamed (master, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia)
Prof Datuk Dr Subramaniam Muniandy (president, Malaysian Medical Association)
Prof Dr Woo Yin Ling (professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya)
