IN the next few days, Malaysia will see the swearing in of its ninth prime minister, and a few days or maybe weeks later, a whole new cabinet of ministers will be sworn in, too. They will have a good honeymoon because, during this period, the pandemic will subside; it has to given our world-beating rate of vaccinations and the number of people already infected. Then, the new government will start facing up to business as usual of governing Malaysia. Will they prove materially different to past governments? Or will they be substantially just as frustrating for the rakyat? If so, Malaysians will turn to GE15 and hope that it will bring us the good government we desperately need. But what are the chances of that, given the electoral system is substantially the same (even with the possible addition of the 18 to 20 year olds)? What are the chances that we end up roughly back where we are today?
We are in a system where no one party or coalition has a comfortable majority to govern properly. Where deals are being cut, not by trading policies but durians (apparently the codeword for cash) and positions. Where the PM is so powerful, he (so far only he) can use the enforcement powers to his advantage. Where good people go into politics and turn bad in order to stay in the game. Where reforms are racially labelled so as to stop them in their tracks. Where we don’t have an economy but only a “political economy”; every business seems to rely on the government for licences, permits, contracts, regulations or ownership rules or for government companies to give way. Where our best talents want to work overseas, yet we all know that, in the Industrial Revolution 4.0, it is entrepreneurship and innovation that drives success. Where our social safety net has been found so wanting by the pandemic.
What we need is a national reset, a holistic overhaul of our democracy, institutions and socio-economy. This would not be the first time. We did it after May 13, 1969, when the Westminster system we inherited crashed in GE3. Our leaders realised that the system the British recommended didn’t work for our multicultural society and unique history and configurations. A National Consultative Council (NCC) of 67 individual thinkers, experts and communal leaders debated and made inter-communal trade-offs to arrive at a new system, a Malaysia 2.0. The New Economic Policy, new sedition laws, Rukun Negara and government by a grand coalition (Barisan Nasional) was a national reset with a view to bring political stability and accelerate the economic foundations for social integration. The authors of the reset believed that the system would work, but they knew that it could not last forever; it would have to be improved, there might even need to be another reset. They even set a 20-year time limit in the case of the NEP.
The system did bring political stability, economic growth, poverty reduction and inter-communal wealth rebalancing, but also negative side effects, like corruption, communal tension and centralisation of power. In 1990, the NEP was renamed and extended, and the rest of the system continued substantially the same. The longer it went on, the more the negative side effects overwhelmed the good it was doing. Indeed, the system even built its own immunity to change: PMs Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Datuk Seri Najib Razak and Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad 2.0 all promised substantial reforms at the start, but all largely failed to overcome vested interest and a parliamentary system of elected representatives more in tune with the wishes of their party whips and winning the next election.
We are not alone in being frustrated by politics and politicians. In an era where electorates the world over are increasingly turned off by representative democracy, many are turning to forms of “deliberative democracy”, where new platforms for debate by citizens themselves, intellectuals and communal leaders are set up to address long-term systemic issues that can’t be handled by Parliaments of politicians. These platforms then arrive at recommendations that are tabled to the Parliament and/or a referendum by the people. There are now many successful examples of deliberative platforms, like Ireland’s Citizens’ Assembly that finally resolved the contentious abortion issue, amongst others, and Obsevatorio de la Cuidad in Madrid and Ostbeljien in east Belgium, which are permanent citizens’ assemblies. In many ways, our NCC was ahead of its time, so we can proudly look back to our past innovativeness to find a better path to the future.
Times have changed and we should not replicate exactly what we did in 1970 when everything was driven by Tun Abdul Razak as head of the National Operations Council. Today, we would need to have a much more consultative, inclusive and less elitist process. And, we should build the agenda into the name of the council – let’s call it the “Better Malaysia Assembly” (BMA). To underline its importance and mandate, it should be set up under the auspices of the Rulers’ Council, with the instruction that its recommendations be submitted to Parliament and/or a referendum. The composition of the assembly should be subject to a process, with individuals nominated by Parliament, the executive and civil society. Ideally, every Malaysian will be able look to one or more of the members as someone they can trust and believe in. Then, the final list should be agreed on by leaders of government and the opposition; any disagreements should be resolved by the Rulers’ Council with finality.
The BMA cannot resolve all our problems, but it can go a very long way. It needs to focus on the most important systemic issues. That would mean starting with a reaffirmation (or otherwise) of the definitions of nationhood – political system and governance, and implicit social contracts covering language, affirmative action and education. And, there can be time frames for fundamental changes like affirmative action and education systems. Based on these definitions and time frames, reforms to institutions, legislation and policies would then be crafted, touching on the electoral system, political funding, eradicating corruption, federal-state relationship, role of government in the economy and so on.
When I was researching the subject of national resets at the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford in 2019, I was often told that resets really only happen when there is a severe crisis. I was adamant that we shouldn’t wait for one because the cost of prolonging a bad system is so high: Malaysia is not a failed state, but it is a nation in decline. When I got back, I teamed up with Dr Anis Yusal of Universiti Kebangsaan to interview more than 200 people from across Malaysian society on what ails the nation and also concluded that we need a national reset. Ironically, soon after we finished our work, Malaysia became mired in an almighty pandemic that certainly cost many more lives than May 13. We have a severe crisis that has exposed deep flaws in our system. We have had three different PMs and governments in less than three years; will a fourth one be better? Maybe, but will a new PM be enough to change this nation’s worrying trajectory driven by its flawed system? I fear not.
That is why I am proposing that, in addition to appointing a new PM and cabinet, the Agong and the Rulers’ Council initiate setting up the BMA to begin the process of a national reset: Malaysians deserve, and can have, a Better Malaysia. – The Vibes, August 17, 2021
* Datuk Seri Nazir Razak is Bank Pembangunan Malaysia Bhd non-executive chairman and former CIMB Holdings Bhd chairman
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