BANGKOK – Opium poppy production in Myanmar ramped up dramatically following the 2021 military coup, the UN’s drugs office said today, as political and economic turmoil drove farmers to cultivate the crop.
The country’s economy has been paralysed following the military power grab in February 2021 and subsequent fighting between the junta and anti-coup rebels.
The area of land used for opium poppy cultivation expanded by a third to just over 40,000ha in 2021 to 2022 – the first full growing season since the coup – according to a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report released today.
The potential output also shot up by nearly 90% compared with the previous year, to 790 tonnes.
The results show that there is a “significant expansion” of Myanmar’s opium economy, the UNODC report said.
“Economic, security and governance disruptions that followed the military takeover of February 2021 have converged, and farmers...have had little option but to move back to opium,” UNODC regional representative Jeremy Douglas said.
“The growth we are witnessing in the drug business is directly connected to the crisis the country is facing.”
The report, based on satellite imagery and fieldwork, said the downward trend in opium production seen from 2014 to 2020 had gone into reverse.
Economic hit
The UNODC estimates Myanmar’s opium economy is worth around US$2 billion (RM8.5 billion) – the equivalent of up to 3% of the country’s GDP in 2021.
Despite the spike in production, farm gate prices for opium have also soared to around US$280 a kilo, the report said – a 69% rise on the previous year.
This compares with a farm gate price of around US$203 in Afghanistan, the world’s leading opium producer.
But the report said higher incomes from opium are not translating into greater buying power for farmers, because of higher petrol and fertiliser prices as a result of the Ukraine war.
A combination of the pandemic and the aftermath of the coup hammered Myanmar’s economy with an 18% contraction in 2021, according to the World Bank.
Around 40% of the population was living in poverty in 2022, and Douglas said financial hardship had forced many labourers to leave urban areas to work in poppy cultivation in the countryside.
Farmers need outside support to boost their livelihoods growing other crops to compete with the opium economy, UNODC Myanmar country manager Benedikt Hofmann said.
“Opium cultivation is really about economics, and it cannot be resolved by destroying crops which only escalates vulnerabilities,” he said.
The report cited figures from Myanmar’s Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control stating 1,403 hectares of opium poppies had been eradicated by the end of last year – a 70% decline on the previous year. – AFP, January 26, 2023
